http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/issue/feedAsian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology2024-03-13T10:20:42+00:00Hoda Golmahiapjcb@waocp.orgOpen Journal Systems<p><em>The Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology (APJCB) is an open access electronic journal, which covers all aspects related to cancer biology. </em><em> </em><em>The journal was launched in 2016 as the official publication of Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention (APOCP) by its west Asia Chapter (West Asia Organization for Cancer prevention -WAOCP) . All manuscripts published in the Asia Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology, are under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This permits anyone to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt the published work, provided the original work and source are appropriately cited.</em></p>http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1238Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in Base excision Repair Pathways and Cervical Cancer Risk Factors in a Tertiary Care Centre2024-01-09T09:06:04+00:00Mark Rector Charlesmarkcharles731@gmail.comSyed Tasleem Razatasleem_24@outlook.comPushpendra Pratappushppratap67@gmail.comAle Ebaaleeba83@gmail.com<p><strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent neoplastic disorders affecting women, with about half a million new cases diagnosed globally each year. Reduced DNA repair capacity (DRC) is linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly cervical cancer. DNA repair gene polymorphisms may play a role in genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Cervical cancer is linked to a number of risk factors that have been verified. The goal of this study was to compare genotypes of DNA repair genes XRCC1-194, XRCC1-280, XRCC1-399, and XRCC3-241 with distinct histological subtypes in patients and controls.<br><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> To test this theory, 168 cervical cancer patients with histological confirmed cases and 184 healthy control women was inducted in the study. For genotyping we used CTPP method (Arg194Trp, Arg280His, and Arg399Gln & XRCC3-T241M). <br><strong>Results:</strong> A positive association was observed between the polymorphisms of XRCC1 genes, that is, in codons 194 [P=0.03, odds ratio (OR) =2.39, 95% confidence interval (CI)=5.2–1.1], 280 (P=0.01, OR=4.1, 95% CI=11.5–1.3), and 399 (P=0.01, OR=3.4, 95% CI=8.6–1.3) in cervical cancer As well as risk factor like early age of pregnancy, high number of parity are also likely to be contributing in disease development.<br><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Our results suggested that, XRCC1399 gene is an important candidate gene for susceptibility to cervical cancer. Although the sample size was small, the present study indicate a statistical association between cervical cancer and XRCC1 SNPs. Future studies are needed that may provide a better understanding of the association between gene polymorphism and cervical carcinoma risk factors are assessed.<strong><br></strong></p>2024-01-09T00:00:00+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1259CEA as a Tumor Marker in Predicting Pelvic and Para-aortic Lymph Node Metastasis in Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cervix2024-01-30T07:48:31+00:00Kiran Kumar BRdrkiranb@yahoo.comBhaskar Viswanathandrbhaskar@gmail.comSwathi Reddyswathir22@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Carcinoma cervix is the major cause of death from gynecological malignancies. Isolated paraaortic lymph node metastasis detected on the initial diagnosis of cervical cancers could be addressed via extended paraaortic lymph node irradiation. Serum Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is useful in detecting early Para aortic lymph node (PALN). <br><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Fifty patients of histologically proven squamous cell carcinoma of cervix have been recruited into the study. We assessed pelvic and Para aortic lymph node status via CT or MRI scans. Serum CEA ranges had been evaluated in all from stage I to IV before starting the treatment.<br><strong>Results:</strong> We observed that high pretreatment CEA values were associated with the pelvic and paraaortic lymph node metastasis 65.2% of the patients with high pretreatment CEA value had PALN metastasis (p=0.002). 47.8% of the patients with high CEA had pelvic lymph nodal metastasis (p=0.077) and 70% of the patients with high pretreatment CEA had both Pelvic and PALN metastasis which was statistically significant (p=0.020).<br><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Carcinoembryonic antigen levels should help to prognosticate the Carcinoma Cervix patients and predict the presence of Para-aortic and Pelvic lymph nodes. This may be effective tool for detecting early failures in patients with Carcinoma Cervix</p>2024-01-30T07:48:28+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1288Twenty-Seven Cases of Marjolins Ulcer; An Institutional Experience on Diagnosis, Treatment and Outcomes2024-01-30T08:46:00+00:00Kiran Kumar BRdrkiranbr@yahoo.comAmritha Prabha Shankaramritavrs@hotmail.comGeeta S Narayanangeetas@gmail.comGanesh M Sganeshms@gmail.com<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> Marjolins ulcer is a malignant transformation that arises from chronic ulcers or previously traumatized scar that occur usually after burns. To study the clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of Marjolins ulcer at our institute. <br><strong>Materials and methods:</strong> Retrospective analysis of all Marjolins ulcer patients presented to our department from 2018 to 2021 was done. A total of 27 patients of all age groups were included in the study. All the information regarding the diagnosis, treatment and outcome details were collected and analysed.<br><strong>Results:</strong> Most of the patients were in the 5th decade of life with an overall male preponderance. The most common cause for Marjolin ulcer was Burns Scar. The mean latency period for the development of Marjolins ulcer was 11 years. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological subtype. 18.5% patients received Adjuvant radiotherapy. At the median follow up of 14 months, one patient presented with locoregional relapse.<br><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Chronic non-ulcers that do not respond to treatment should be carefully examined by multidisciplinary team for malignant transformation. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment and Adjuvant Radiotherapy should be considered in high-risk cases to reduce locoregional recurrence. Tumour size and nodal involvement are the main predictors of locoregional relapse.</p>2024-01-30T08:45:58+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1290Epidemiology and Management of Immune Thrombocytopenia in Adult Patients in Algeria: A Non-interventional, Longitudinal, Nationwide Estimation Study2024-02-10T07:08:20+00:00Mohamed Amine Bekadjamabekadja@yahoo.frMohamed Bradaimoh_bradai@yahoo.frSelma Hamdihamdiselma1@gmail.comNadia Boudjerranboudjerra@hotmail.frMahdia Saidisahts.msh@gmail.comFatiha Grififagrifi@yahoo.frDjamel Saidisaididjamel@gmail.comNaima Meslimeslinaima@hotmail.comZahia Zouaouizahia.benhadji@yahoo.frNourredine Lakhdarilelacnord@yahoo.frNemra Mehalhalnemramehalhal@yahoo.frNoureddine Sidi Mansourlnsidimansour@yahoo.frRyma Khetib Tiaïbartiaiba@amgen.comSarah Lakehalharasblack19@gmail.comHossam Saadhsaad01@amgen.com<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Globally, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) affects more women than men with a higher incidence in older patients. However, data on the epidemiology and treatment regimen for ITP is limited and varies across different countries. In this non-interventional, longitudinal, nationwide estimation study, we present incidence (by age, sex, and diagnosis stage), prevalence, characteristics, and treatment regimens of ITP in Algeria.<br><strong>Methods:</strong> Patients ≥16 years of age with prevalent (diagnosed before September 3, 2017) or incident (diagnosed between September 3, 2017–August 30, 2018) ITP were involved in this study. Patient data were collected from public hospitals and the incidence and prevalence estimates were made using Poisson distributions (95% confidence interval [CI]). <br><strong>Results:</strong> Of 1,746 patients from 16 hematology departments, 1,159 were included in the study; 173 (14.9%) were incident and 986 (85.1%) were prevalent patients with ITP. The median (quartiles) age of patients at diagnosis was 36 (25, 50) years; 895 (77.2%) were women. At inclusion, 88.2% of patients were asymptomatic and 3.8% had severe bleeding. The national incidence was 0.85 (0.75–0.96) and prevalence was 5.65 (5.39–5.93) per 100,000 population. The incidence of ITP in women (1.18 [1.02–1.37]/100,000 population) was higher versus men (0.54 [0.43–0.67]/ 100,000 population). The incidence of ITP was four times higher in the ≥75 years cohort (2.37 [1.60–3.51]/100,000 population) versus that observed in the 15–35-years age cohort (0.54 [0.43–0.68]/100,000 population). First-line treatments included corticosteroids (80.8%), intravenous immunoglobulin (3.4%), and rituximab (1.3%); 17.4% of patients underwent splenectomy as a third-line procedure. <br><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The overall incidence rate of ITP in Algeria was low. However, the incidence trends are similar to those reported globally, with high incidence reported in women and older patients. Corticosteroids were the most prescribed therapy, and few patients were prescribed thrombopoietin receptor agonists before opting for splenectomy.</p>2024-02-10T07:08:18+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1069An Observational Study of Stromal CD10 Expression in Breast Carcinoma and Its Association with Clinicopathological Parameters at SMS Medical College and Hospital2024-03-13T09:55:15+00:00Ankita Kumari Sharmaankita.s2305@gmail.comDeepika Hemrajaniankita.s2305@gmail.comAnita Harshankita.s2305@gmail.comAruna Panchariaankita.s2305@gmail.comMonika Yadavankita.s2305@gmail.com<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Female breast cancer is now more prevalent than lung cancer worldwide, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases worldwide, or 11.7% of all cancer cases. Breast cancer is an epithelial malignancy, but tumor microenvironment i.e. stroma plays remarkable role in invasion and metastasis. The cross talk between tumor cells and stromal cells is critical step in tumor progression as a result there is increased interest in developing novel therapies targeting the microenvironment. <br><strong>Aim and Objectives:</strong> To study the frequency and intensity of stromal CD10 expression in invasive breast cancer and to correlate it with various clinicopathological parameters.<br><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> The study was conducted in Department of Pathology at S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur. CD 10 expression in 70 patients diagnosed with carcinoma breast during the period of 2021-2022, assessed by immunohistochemistry and scored as negative (<10% stromal positivity), weak (10-30% stromal positivity) and strong (>30% stromal positivity) and statistically analyzed with other parameters. <br>Results and Discussion: Out of the 70 cases, 51 (72.86%) showed CD10 positivity in the stroma, with 28 (40%) showing strongly positive and 23 (32.86%) with weakly positive results. With respect to histopathological grade (P value = 0.0234), molecular subtype (P value = 0.0006), and PR negativity (P value = 0.0480), CD10 expression in the stroma showed a positive correlation. <br><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The correlation between stromal expression of CD10 and histopathological grade, molecular subtype, and PR negativity was statistically significant. To confirm CD10 expression in invasive breast cancer as a predictor of overall survival rates and disease-free survival, more research is required..</p>2024-03-13T09:55:14+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1239KRAS Mutation Status in Colorectal Epithelial Tumors of Colorectal Cancer2024-03-13T10:08:47+00:00Amit Chakrabortyamitdod@gmail.comSoumit Deydrsoumitdey@gmail.comIshita Ghatakishitaghatak80@gmail.comPranamita Raypranamitaray@yahoo.co.ukSubhasree Bhattacharyabhattacharyasubhasree@gmail.comArchana Senguptaarchana_sen@yahoo.com<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the commonest malignancies in industrialized nations with lower incidence in Asia and Africa. Majority of CRCs are non-hypermutated. KRAS is one of the commonest mutated genes in CRC patients. Given the KRAS mutated CRCs are resistant to EGFR targeted chemotherapy, expanded KRAS mutation testing is recommended before starting chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to study the genetic variation of KRAS in group of CRC cancer patients referred to a teaching hospital in Kolkata, India.<br><strong>Methods:</strong> Out of 15 cases of colorectal cancer studied, 2 specimens were right hemicolectomies for clinically diagnosed colon carcinomas and 13 specimens were biopsies of colonoscopy done for anaemia, changed bowel habit, occult bleeding. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections, stained by routine Hematoxylin and Eosin were examined microscopically. The DNA was extracted from FFPE tissue with Qiagen kit. KRAS Mutation analysis was done by TheraScreen – KRAS Mutation Kit.<br><strong>Results:</strong> The age of patients ranged from 28 to 64 years. Nine were male and remaining 6 were female. histopathological examination revealed 10 adenomas and 5 adenocarcinomas. One adenoma, tubulovillous with high grade dysplasia featured positive KRAS mutation (Gly12Asp). Three out of 4 adenocarcinomas with positive KRAS mutation, one showed Gly12Ala and 2 showed Gly12Asp. <br><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The frequency of KRAS mutations was very low in the studied sample.</p>2024-03-13T10:08:45+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1304Investigating the Health-related Quality of Life in Hepatitis C Patients with Liver Cirrhosis Using Oral Antivirals, Before and after the Treatment2024-03-13T10:20:42+00:00Sahar Haghighathaghighat_sahar85@yahoo.comAtefe Salimi Akinabadiatefe.salimi@yahoo.comMitra Zandimitra.zandi@yahoo.comAram Halimiaramhalimi@sbmu.ac.irHomayoon Bana Derakhshanh_bderakhshan@yahoo.comNabeel Al-Yateemnalyateem@sharjah.ac.aeAaliyah Momania_momani@asu.edu.joAlizera Mosavi Jarrahirmosavi@yahoo.comJacqueline Maria Diasjdias@sharjah.ac.ae<p><strong>Objectives:</strong> Liver Cirrhosis is a debilitating chronic complication of many liver diseases including hepatitis C virus infection. Oral treatment of anti-viral infection can have effect alleviation this complication. The present study was conducted to measure the effect of oral antiviral treatment on the health-related quality of life in the patients with chronic hepatitis C.<br><strong>Methods:</strong> A before and after the treatment intervention setting clinical trial was setup. Patients included cases of clinically hepatitis C with liver cirrhosis. Oral antiviral drugs were administrated as intervention. The quality of life was measured using Chronic liver disease questionnaire (CLDQ) before treatment and after treatment. Patient demographics, treatment information, and HRQoL scores were collected.<br><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 65 patients with hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis were included in the study. The mean score of the patients’ quality of life and all its dimensions, 12 weeks after treatment with oral antiviral drugs, was on average 23.59 points higher than before, and this difference was significant (p<0.001). Significant improvements were observed in all dimensions of HRQoL, including emotions, worries, systemic symptoms, abdominal symptoms, activity, and fatigue (p < 0.001). No significant correlations were found between the mean difference in HRQoL scores and age or disease duration (p > 0.05). <br><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The present study shows that the use of oral antiviral drugs can improve the health-related quality of life. Health care providers can use the results of the study to plan regarding the treatment and care measures which increase the quality of life in hepatitis C patients.</p>2024-03-13T10:20:39+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1100Breast Cancer Therapies: A Review2024-01-09T09:04:47+00:00Kehinde S. Adebayoadebayokehindesamuel6@gmail.comJadesola J. Ajaosadebayo570@stu.ui.edu.ngOluwagbemisola M. Oderemisadebayo570@stu.ui.edu.ngKelechukwu P. Ughagwusadebayo570@stu.ui.edu.ng<p>Breast cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths among postmenopausal women. It is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in roughly 30% of all breast cancers. Breast cancers that are human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) -positive are frequently and especially aggressive, as this receptor has been shown to promote cancer growth. Before the advent of HER2-specific monoclonal antibodies, HER2-positive breast cancers had a poor prognosis. Clinical results for HER2-positive breast cancer have, however, changed significantly since the introduction of monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates in therapy. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) such as trastuzumab and pertuzumab attach to the HER2 receptor protein, deactivating it or mobilizing the immune system to aid in the destruction of cells that produce it. The remarkable accomplishments in the development of HER2-targeted therapies, along with a better understanding of the disease’s biology, have improved clinical outcomes over the years. Resistance however still poses a significant challenge, emphasizing the vital need of developing novel agents. This review article examines the mechanisms underlying the action of these therapies with an overview of their advancements and setbacks in breast cancer treatment in the last decade.</p>2024-01-09T09:04:44+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1203Pancreatic Carcinoma: Exploring its Relationship with Diabetes and the Potential Chemopreventive Effects of Metformin2024-01-09T09:24:23+00:00Divya Mahajandivsmartn@gmail.comAwadesh kumar Pandeydrpandey.chandigarh@gmail.com<p><strong>Objective:</strong> We aim to study the association between Pancreas cancer and Type2 Diabetes Mellitus and chemo-protective role of metformin. <br><strong>Method:</strong> We conducted a comprehensive systematic search for studies across various databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library using the keywords “metformin” OR “biguanide” AND “pancreatic cancer” OR “pancreatic tumor” in “Title/ Abstract”AND “diabetes mellitus” was done. <br><strong>Result:</strong> An overall analysis of 18 articles by use of random effect model showed that compared with no use of metformin, the use of metformin could reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. <br><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In this review, we delve into the intricate and symbiotic relationship between diabetes and PC (pancreatic cancer) by examining the fundamental mechanisms driving their coexistence. Utilizing metformin among individuals with diabetes appears to lower the risk of pancreatic cancer when compared to those who do not use metformin.</p>2024-01-09T09:24:21+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1260Investigating the Effect of Magnesium in Preventing Tremors after Anesthesia: A Systematic Review2024-01-09T09:31:49+00:00Mojtaba Esmailpour Roshandr.mojtaba63@gmail.comHanieh Jafaridr.mojtaba63@gmail.com<p><strong>Background and Purpose:</strong> In addition, magnesium is prescribed intravenously, epidurally, or intraperitoneally, each of which may have different effects depending on the surgical procedure. In this review, we searched for randomized clinical trials that compared preoperative magnesium administration with controls and included studies that assessed chills as a primary and possible outcome. change. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative magnesium in the prevention of postoperative chills. <br><strong>Materials and methods:</strong> This article is a systematic review that searched for all quality articles published in the Cochrane database until the end of 2020. References were checked, PubMed and Web of Science 55,555. <br><strong>Results:</strong> The initial search identified 3,294 publications. 64 articles were included in this study. The results showed that the frequency of colds in the group receiving intravenous, epidural and intraperitoneal magnesium was significantly reduced compared to the control group. <br><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Prophylactic use of magnesium can reduce the severity and number of post-anesthetic chills and other post-anesthetic symptoms.</p>2024-01-09T09:31:46+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1263On the Origin of the Warburg Effect in Cancer Cells: Controlling Cancer as a Metabolic Disease2024-01-09T09:39:58+00:00Hassan Bahramihbahrami.research@gmail.com<p><strong>Background:</strong> Human cells may switch metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic or vice versa depending on cellular conditions. The use of anaerobic cellular respiration is especially common in cells with metabolic disorders such as cancer cells. However, despite the fact that metabolic alteration in cancer cells is well-established, its cause is still not well understood. Objective: The purpose of this study is to address the origin of abnormal behavior and metabolic changes in cancer cells to better understand the processes that are involved in the formation and spread of cancer.<br><strong>Methods:</strong> This paper reviews and explains key concepts related to the evolutionary origin of key metabolic pathways in cancer cells, considering the behavioral similarities between cancer cells and ancient unicellular organisms. The evaluations help better understand the Warburg effect and the related cancer control strategies.<br><strong>Results:</strong> The risk of cancer may be reduced by creating suitable and optimal conditions at the cellular level, which can increase the chance of cell survival in the event of cellular stress. This may be achieved through dietary and lifestyle modifications, such as adopting a balanced natural diet that meets cellular needs in a way that leads to cancer control. <br><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Understanding the biological origin and causes of cancer initiation and development is essential for the metabolic control of cancer as well as for improving therapeutic strategies.</p>2024-01-09T09:39:56+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1265Biomarkers for Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer: A Review2024-01-09T09:51:36+00:00Devarajappa Gari Binduammumaridappa@gmail.comKopparapu Venkata Nanda Kumarfeelnandu@gmail.comKasireddy Likitha Reddylikhithakasireddy25@gmail.comMekala Siva Charanicharanicharri@gmail.comYaraganti Gowthamigowthamiyaraganti@gmail.com<p>Ovarian cancer, with its asymptomatic early stages, poses a significant challenge for early diagnosis and survival improvement. The utilization of tumor markers, including CA -125 and HE4 has become crucial in detecting these silent killers. Additionally, gene-based markers like BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are increasingly acknowledged for indicating ovarian cancer susceptibility. Promising emerging biomarkers, such as microRNAs and circulating tumor cells, offer new research avenues and diagnostic possibilities for the early detection of ovarian cancer. This article provides a comprehensive review of current specific markers, gene-based indicators, emerging markers, and other notable approaches in the early identification of ovarian cancer.</p>2024-01-09T09:51:34+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1303Oral Cancer and HPV: Review Article2024-01-30T07:18:31+00:00Zahra Pirmoradimu.allahyar@gmail.comKasra Nazarimu.allahyar@gmail.comNadia Shafieemu.allahyar@gmail.comNikou Nikoukarmu.allahyar@gmail.comShima Minoomu.allahyar@gmail.comHadis Ghasemimu.allahyar@gmail.comParizad Ghanbarikondorimu.allahyar@gmail.comMohammadreza Allahyartorkamanmu.allahyar@gmail.com<p><strong>Overview:</strong> Oral cancer poses a significant global health challenge, with approximately 300,000 new cases reported annually. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has emerged as a major risk factor for the development of oropharyngeal cancer, constituting around 60% of all oral cancer cases. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the current relationship between HPV and oral cancer, covering aspects such as epidemiology, clinical features, detection, treatment, and prevention strategies. <br><strong>Methods:</strong> A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases to identify studies published in English from January 1983 to the present that investigated the association between HPV and oral cancer. Relevant articles were selected based on their applicability to the topic and methodological quality. <br><strong>Results:</strong> The literature search yielded 115 studies that met our inclusion criteria. Our analysis revealed that HPV is a common finding in oral cancer, with a pooled prevalence rate of 72.8%. HPV-positive oral cancer is associated with younger age at diagnosis, male gender, lower stage at presentation, and better prognosis compared to HPV-negative tumors. The HPV genotype most commonly detected in oral cancer is HPV-16, followed by HPV-18. <br><strong>Conclusion:</strong> HPV significantly contributes to the onset of oropharyngeal cancer, and identifying it early can serve as a valuable indicator for diagnosis and prognosis. More investigation is required to grasp the molecular mechanisms involved in HPV-related oral cancer and to formulate successful prevention and treatment approaches. Immunization against HPV, particularly in young males, shows potential for decreasing the occurrence of oral cancer linked to HPV.</p>2024-01-30T07:12:25+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1284Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer: A Review2024-01-30T08:22:00+00:00Matthias Solomon Gamdesolomonmatthias85@gmail.comOchanya Destiny Ogenyiogenyiochanya847@gmail.com<p>Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. The development of new blood vessel from preexisting vasculature is associated to the growth and metastasis of breast cancer. The present review aimed to highlight the mechanisms of angiogenesis and the progression of malignancy in breast cancer. Poor breast cancer prognosis correlate with increased micro-vascular density and factors that stimulate vascular growth. Inhibiting angiogenesis of this process reduce the oxygen and nutrient supply. Therefore, tumor angiogenesis is a strategic therapeutic target for preventing breast cancer. We suggest the use of angiogenesis inhibitors to be explored to interrupt the process of tumor development.</p>2024-01-30T08:21:58+00:00##submission.copyrightStatement##