New Treatments (MSC) in Immune Disorders Like Cancers and Covid Infection: Cancer and Virus New Treatment (MSC )

  1. Nadia Ghasemi Darestani ,
  2. Soheyla Hashemi ,
  3. Zahra Rahimi ,
  4. Raheleh Janghorbanian Poodeh

Vol 9 No 2 (2024)

DOI 10.31557/apjcb.2024.9.2.257-261

Abstract

The recent coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak and viral infections around the world has had an enormous impact on the global health burden, threatening the lives of many individuals, spatially with underlying disease like cancerous patients and has had severe socio-economic consequences. Many pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have commenced intensive research on different therapeutic strategies, from repurposed antiviral drugs to vaccines and monoclonal antibodies to prevent the spread of the disease and treat infected patients. Among the various strategies, advanced therapeutic approaches including cell- and gene-editing-based therapeutics are also being investigated, and initial results in in-vitro and early phase I studies have been promising. However, further assessments are required. This article reviews the underlying mechanisms for the pathogenesis of, and discusses available therapeutic candidates and advanced modalities that are being evaluated and used for treatment for immune deficient patients in cancers and viruses infected.

Regenerative Medicine therapeutics

Novel coronavirus disease has attracted much attention around the world due to its rapid transmission among humans and relatively high mortality rate. Studies are increasing to find the best therapeutic approach for the disease and its management. Regenerative medicine offers various cell-tissue therapeutics and related products, such as stem cell therapy, natural killer (NK) cell therapy, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, exosomes, and tissue products. Interestingly, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can reduce inflammatory symptoms and protect against cytokine storm, which critically contributes to the COVID-19 progression. Notably, having the potentials to exert cytotoxic effects on infected cells and induce interferon production probably make NK cells a candidate for COVID-19 cell therapy. Besides, exosomes are one of the crucial products of cells that can exert therapeutic effects through the induction of immune responses and neutralizing antibody titers.

The paper aims to briefly consider current options for COVID-19 therapy to show that there is no specific cure for COVID-19, and then assess the real opportunities and range of promises regenerative medicine can provide for specific treatment of COVID.

With the outbreak of coronavirus disease caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) especially in immunocompromised like cancers patients, the world had been facing an unprecedented challenge. Considering the lack of appropriate therapy for COVID-19, it is crucial to develop effective treatments instead of supportive approaches. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as multipotent stromal cells have been shown to possess treating potency through inhibiting or modulating the pathological events in COVID-19. MSCs and their exosomes participate in immunomodulation by controlling cell-mediated immunity and cytokine release [1-3]. Furthermore, they repair the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) malfunction, increase alveolar fluid clearance, and reduce the chance of hypercoagulation. Besides the lung, which is the primary target of SARS-CoV-2, the heart, kidney, nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract are also affected by COVID-19 [4]. Thus, the efficacy of targeting these organs via different delivery routes of MSCs and their exosomes should be evaluated to ensure safe and effective MSCs administration in COVID-19. This review focuses on the proposed therapeutic mechanisms and delivery routes of MSCs and their exosomes to the damaged organs. It also discusses the possible application of primed and genetically modified MSCs as a promising drug delivery system in COVID-19 [5]. Moreover, the recent advances in the clinical trials of MSCs and MSCs-derived exosomes as one of the promising therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 have been reviewed [6].

Regenerative medicine (RM) is an interdisciplinary field that uses different approaches to accelerate the repair and regeneration or replace damaged or diseased human cells or tissues to achieve normal tissue function . These approaches include the stimulation of the body’s own repair processes, transplantation of progenitor cells, stem cells, or tissues, as well as the use of cells and exosomes as delivery-vehicles for cytokines, genes, or other therapeutic agents [7, 8]. COVID-19 pneumonia is a specific disease consistent with diffuse alveolar damage resulting in severe hypoxemia. Therefore, the most serious cause of death from COVID-19 is lung dysfunction [9]. Here, we consider RM approaches to cure COVID-19 pneumonia based on what RM has so far used to treat lung diseases, injuries, or pneumonia induced by other pathogens. These approaches include stem and progenitor cell transplantation, stem cell-derived exosomes, and microRNAs therapy [10]. There are no approved and effective therapeutics against COVID-19, and scientists are grappling with time to find effective treatments and vaccines. Cell-induced therapies using stem cells, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have been a primary target of therapeutic studies. MSCs are self-renewing multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into several cell types [11]. They represent a promising therapy for several chronic lung diseases with high fatality and morbidity rates, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obstructive bronchiolitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [12].

Immunomodulation with MSC

MSCs are considered the only stem cell type with immunomodulatory activity and are, therefore, a primary target for therapeutic development for autoimmune disease and inflammation. MSCs secrete immunomodulators, including chemokines, IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), hemoxygenase-1, leukocyte inhibitory factor, indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and transforming growth factor β [45]. MSCs also induce IL-10 expression [13]. Human umbilical cord tissue-derived MSCs (hUC-MSCs) reprogram macrophages and monocytes via cytoplasmic organelles (RNA processing bodies [p-bodies]), a critical lung inflammatory inhibitor. These p-bodies are engulfed by macrophages and monocytes, modulating transcription and inhibiting T cell activation. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins mediate this interaction on the surface of macrophages and monocytes while blocking pharmacological inhibitors. These findings provide new insight into the inflammatory modulation of MSCs without long-term engulfment by indirectly inhibiting the T cell response through monocyte and macrophage reprogramming by p-bodies [14, 15]. MSCs can migrate to injured and affected tissue. In lung injury, ARDS, and sepsis, MSCs migrate to and are trapped in the lungs, promoting secretion of antimicrobial agents, cytokines, and growth factors [16]. MSC is a preferred acronym that stands for a population of multipotent stem/progenitor cells, commonly known as mesenchymal stem cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, multipotent stromal cells, and mesenchymal progenitor cells. MSCs can be isolated from various tissue sources, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, peripheral blood, placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, and gingival tissues [17]. They also have the excellent proliferative capability, and an intrinsic differentiation potential that has not been found in any other natural cell types52. MSC infusion into human patients begun since the year 1993 and has been reported as early as in 199553. Since then, during the past 25 years, MSC infusion has exhibited an excellent safety profile in over 950 registered clinical trials and with over 10,000 patients, treated in a clinical setting 52. MSC has powerful immunomodulatory and endogenous repair and regenerative properties. In the past, MSCs have been clinically tested for the treatment of graft versus host diseases, virus-associated immune abnormalities, and chronic injuries in human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and influenza virus54. MSC infusion has shown variable yet promising results in ARDS with viral or nonviral etiology through paracrine mechanisms including secretion of growth factors and cytokines as well as the release of EVs comprising exosomes and microvesicles. The mass spectroscopy-based analysis has revealed that the EV cargo contains more than 850 unique gene products and more than 150 miRNAs that modulate immune responses as illustated [18-19].

MSC derived EVs infusion in Covid patients

The use of cell therapy, especially MSCs, to treat cancers and COVID-19 appears promising based on the observations and findings in published studies. MSC therapy has shown promise to suppress cytokine storms, prevent the over activation of the immune system, and repair the lung injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell-based therapy could be considered an alternative treatment to containing the public health crisis, such as outbreaks in hospitals and care units and the collapse of medical infrastructure. Additionally, vaccines are already reducing the overall COVID-19 cases in many countries. However, cell-based therapy could also be used to treat the long-term sequel e caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients, especially those related to chronic inflammation [20, 21]. To recapitulate the symptoms and drug response of COVID-19 and cancer patients in vitro, SARS-CoV-2 studies using physiologically relevant human embryonic stem/induced pluripotent stem cell-derived somatic cells and organoids are ongoing. They are being used to investigate SARS-CoV-2 cell tropism, to develop COVID-19 therapeutic agents, and to examine the relationship between COVID-19 aggravation and human genetic backgrounds [22]. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID and cancer patients is caused by a cytokine strom. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cell (UC-MSC) influence proinflammatory Th2 cells to shift to an anti-inflammatory agent. An UC-MSC infusion was given for the experimental group, and normal saline for the control group. Our result showed 2.5 times significantly higher survival rate in the experimental group that achieved by modulating the immune system toward anti-inflammatory state [23].

Potential mechanism of MSC action in COVID-19 infected patients

SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis via interactions with cell surface protein angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor with the assistance of transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) protease, thus triggering a complex immune response involved in T cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and macrophages. Engineering MSCs with immunomodulatory molecules enhance the efficacy of homing to damaged tissues or cells and attenuate the cytokine storm, ultimately improving patients’ outcome [24]. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from adult sources express high levels of ACE2, which could facilitate the SARS-Cov2 entry, compared with MSC derived from embryonic or pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived MSC [25]. The latter population could be the most adequate sources for cell therapy of severe COVID-19 infection, as they could be less prone to SARS-Cov2 entrySARS-CoV-2 enters into host cells through ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from amnios (A), cord blood (CB), cord tissue (CT), adipose tissue (AT) and bone marrow (BM) do not express these proteins, as demonstrated by RT-qPCR, western blot, ELISA and immunofuorescence. They are not infected by either spike pseudovirus, or by SARS-CoV-2 wild strain [25]. The recent clinical trials and the therapeutic benefits of mesenchymal stem cells in coronavirus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome are critically reviewed. Then, the new advances in the field of tissue engineering relevant to the coronavirus infections, including three-dimensional models, to study disease progression or test the antiviral agents are described. Moreover, the potential applications of biomaterials for vaccine technology, and drug delivery are highlighted [25].

SARS-CoV-2 enters into host cells through ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from amnios (A), cord blood (CB), cord tissue (CT), adipose tissue (AT) and bone marrow (BM) do not express these proteins, as demonstrated by RT-qPCR, western blot, ELISA and immunofuorescence. They are not infected by either spike pseudovirus, or by SARS-CoV-2 wild strain [26]. The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in acute respiratory distress syndrome-developed COVID-19 cases was tested in recently approved clinical trials. They possess several features facilitating the resorption of the alveolar exudate by type I and type II alveolar cells and improving the pulmonary microenvironment, thus recovering the lung functions in COVID-19 [27].

MSC therapy for immune/inflammatory pulmonary disorders

Broad immunomodulatory properties of human MSCs and MSC-derived products allow for therapeutic use in noninfectious—including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis— and a number of infectious immune/inflammatory lung disorders [28]. In ARDS, pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to the disruption of the alveolar – capillary membrane, edema, and pneumocyte damage. MSCs modulate the inflammatory milieu by T-cell and macrophage redirection, and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Clinical trials assessing MSC therapy in ARDS have shown that MSCs have been associated with a favorable trend in morality reduction, pulmonary function improvement, and cytokine correction [29]. Similar to two other lethal coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 induces excessive and aberrant host immune responses that are always accompanied by cytokine storms (CS) and subsequent ALI or even ARDS, resulting in multiple organ failure and death.2 Even in patients who were treated in intensive care units for CS, persistent inflammation led to serious sequelae of lung fibrosis, causing lung dysfunction and reduced quality of life.3 Although corticosteroid given to reverse catabolism in critical illness decreased the mortality after SARS and MERS infection, the clinical application of corticosteroid has been restricted in COVID-19, considering its delay in virus clearance and complications in survivors. There is an urgent need for advancing therapeutic interventions with both functions for CS suppression and lung reparation in critical patients [30, 31]. MSCs have been found to be capable of modulating immune responses, thereby reducing inflammation as well as immunopathology and protecting alveolar epithelial cells during ALI and ARDS.4-7 More importantly, MSCs were efficacious in reducing the nonproductive inflammation and in promoting lung generation in a phase 2 clinical trial (NCT03608592), as well as in patients with ALI and ARDS in clinical practice. 8-10 As a result, MSCs may alleviate the SARS-CoV-2-derived CS and ARDS, and have a potential effect on the treatment of subsequent chronic respiratory dysfunction and lung fibrosis [30]. To alleviate acute respiratory disease and reverse pulmonary fibrosis in intensive-care SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, three curative properties of MSCs have emerged: (a) directly inducing the apoptosis of activated T cells to relieve the aberrant and excessive immune responses, (b) homing toward specific injuries of lung to maintain homeostasis as well as promote regeneration, and (c) releasing cytokines to diminish inflammation and extracellular vesicles (EVs) to stimulate tissue reparation.1 Notably, it has been proved that MSC-released cytokines can potently inhibit neutrophil intravasation and enhance the differentiation of macrophages. 5, 6 Moreover, these MSC-released EVs can deliver microRNA, mRNA, DNA, proteins, and metabolites into host cells in specific injuries of the lung to promote lung repair as well as regeneration and restore lung function [32].

As the continuing epidemic threat of SARS-CoV-2 to global health and the fast-growing number of fatalities, advancing new therapeutic development becomes central or primary to minimize the death and sequelae from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, MSCs should be considered as a potential treatment for these critical patients [33].

Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for COVID-19

Stem cell therapy proved to be very useful in treating a number of diseases including cancer , and diabetes . Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are characterized by low invasive nature and high proliferation rate, and additionally devoid of ethical & social issues that makes it as the preferred therapeutic option over others [34]. MSCs play an important role in immunomodulatory effects via secreting many types of cytokines by paracrine secretion or make direct interactions with immune cells. The source of MSCs can be peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM), adipose tissues [(AT), buccal fat pad, abdominal fat, & infrapatellar fat pad], placenta, umbilical cord, Warton jelly, amniotic fluid, and blood cord. Therefore, it seems MSCs-based therapy may possibly be an ideal candidate for clinical trials or at least the combination of treatment to treat COVID-19 patients [34]. While we wait for a vaccine to come into the picture, convalescent plasma therapy, and repurposing the drugs treatment options proved to be suitable (if not perfect). We need to have suitable vaccine development, neutralizing nABs antibody as prophylactic and therapeutic, and mesenchymal stem cell-based treatment options for effectively dealing with COVID-19. Until an ideal treatment comes, people must follow proper caution such as wearing masks, follow social distancing, and as much as possible do activities, which could be afforded through online mode/route [35].

Highlights

•Direct cytopathic effect and immunopathological pathogenesis are two of the main underlying mechanisms for severe pulmonary injury in patients with coronavirus and other viral disease

•Repurposed antiviral agents are among the most promising therapeutics for overcoming them

•Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem/ stromal cells have potential to prevent the immune- mediated consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).

•Nucleic-acid-based approaches have gained much attention for treating patients with virus like COVID

Acknowledgments

Statement of Transparency and Principals:

· Author declares no conflict of interest

References


  1. Preparation of Paclitaxel Nanocrystals Coated with Folic Acid-Modified Phospholipids Based on Preoperative Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer Liu Kai, Momtazi Amir Abbas, Liu Luguang, Darestani Nadia, Moradian Arsalan, Salman Hayder, Chai Jie. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology.2024;20. CrossRef
  2. Immunochemical Characterization of Salix alba (S. alba) Pollen Allergens and Evaluation of the Cross-Reactivity Pattern with Common Allergenic Pollen Grains Baghersad Ali, Shams Mohammad Hossein, Shahsavar Farhad, Sohrabi Seyyed Mohsen, Varzi Ali Mohammad, Baharvand Peyman Amanolahi, Eskandari Nahid, et al . International Immunopharmacology.2023;124(Pt B). CrossRef
  3. The potential role of protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) during parasitic infections: a focus on Leishmania spp Dousti Majid, Hosseinpour Masoumeh, D Ghasemi Nadia, Mirfakhraee Hosna, Rajabi Shahin K., Rashidi Sajad, Hatam Gholamreza. Pathogens and Disease.2023;81. CrossRef
  4. Mesenchymal stem cell-released oncolytic virus: an innovative strategy for cancer treatment Ghasemi Darestani Nadia, Gilmanova Anna I., Al-Gazally Moaed E., Zekiy Angelina O., Ansari Mohammad Javed, Zabibah Rahman S., Jawad Mohammed Abed, et al . Cell communication and signaling: CCS.2023;21(1). CrossRef
  5. Association of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake on Inflammatory Gene Expression and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Ghasemi Darestani Nadia, Bahrami Abolfazl, Mozafarian Mohammad Reza, Esmalian Afyouni Nazgol, Akhavanfar Roozbeh, Abouali Reza, Moradian Arsalan, Lorase Saman. Nutrients.2022;14(21). CrossRef
  6. Combination therapy with nivolumab (anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody): A new era in tumor immunotherapy Abedi Kiasari Bahman, Abbasi Arash, Ghasemi Darestani Nadia, Adabi Nasim, Moradian Arsalan, Yazdani Yalda, Sadat Hosseini Golsa, Gholami Nasrin, Janati Sheida. International Immunopharmacology.2022;113(Pt A). CrossRef
  7. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Blood Pressure, Mental Health, and Quality of Life in Hypertensive Adult Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study Babak Anahita, Motamedi Narges, Mousavi Seyedeh Zeinab, Ghasemi Darestani Nadia. The Journal of Tehran University Heart Center.2022;17(3). CrossRef
  8. Comparison of therapeutic effects of statins and aloe vera mouthwash on chemotherapy induced oral mucositis Karbasizade Setare, Ghorbani Fatemeh, Ghasemi Darestani Nadia, Mansouri-Tehrani Mohammad Masih, Kazemi Amir Hooman. International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology.2021;13(4).
  9. Predictive value of number and volume of demyelinating plaques in treatment response in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with INF-B Azizian Maryam, Ghasemi Darestani Nadia, Aliabadi Athena, Afzali Mahdieh, Tavoosi Nooshin, Fosouli Mahnaz, Khataei Jalil, Aali Halimeh, Nourian Sayed Mohammad Amin. American Journal of Neurodegenerative Disease.2022;11(1).
  10. Short term results of stapled versus conventional hemorrhoidectomy within 1 year follow-up Mir Mohammad Sadeghi Pouya, Rabiee Mahdi, Ghasemi Darestani Nadia, Alesaheb Fatemeh, Zeinalkhani Fahime. International Journal of Burns and Trauma.2021;11(1).
  11. Comparison of opponensplasty techniques in isolated low median nerve palsy Yavari Pedram, Fadaei Behrouz, Ghasemi Darestani Nadia, Joni Saeid Sadeghi, Tavakoli Peyman, Mohammadsharifi Ghasem. International Journal of Burns and Trauma.2020;10(5).
  12. Correlations and diagnostic tools for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bahrami Mahshid, Forouharnejad Khatereh, Mirgaloyebayat Hannaneh, Ghasemi Darestani Nadia, Ghadimi Mozhgan, Masaeli Dorna, Fazeli Pooya, et al . International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology.2022;14(6).
  13. The effects of periodontal treatment on pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review of clinical trial studies Fathi Amir, Siadat Fateme, Aghaee Fateme. Res Dent Sci.2022;19(3). CrossRef
  14. 3th International Congress of Immuonology, Asthma and Allergy, The First Symposium of Food and Drug .Allergy,Archive of SID , Diet and Asthma: Nutrition Implications aimed at Prevention . Mashhad , Iran, 3-6 May 2016 Ramin Ghasemi , Nadia Ghasemi . .
  15. The effect of virus on some human cancersand their prevention and treatment ,The 10th International Conference on New Findings in Midwifery,Women ,Maternity and Infertility (ICMWMI 2023) , held on July 14,2023 in Tbilisi-Georgia Nadia Ghasemi Darestani , Zahra Rahimi , Soheyla Hashemi . .
  16. Advancements in medical science and the pharmaceutical industry: Artificial intelligence in medicine, regenerative medicine and stem cells, new developments in pharmaceuticals …, Nobel Sciences, 2023 AT Mohammadi , E Ghanbarzadeh , NG Darestani , M Nouri , Fatemeh sadat Farizani gohari , Mohammad Nouri , Monireh Rasoulzadehzali , et al . .
  17. Immunotherapy Research and textbook 2, ,2022 Aliasghar Tabatabaei Mohammadi , Sajad Khonche Fatemeh Tayefi , Elnaz Ezzati Amini , Fatemeh Afraei Shiva Masbough , Nadia Ghasemi Darestani , Sarvin Fathi daneshvar , Seyed Mohammad ali Fazayel , et al . .
  18. Cancer and nanomedicine Research and textbook 2,Nobel , 2022 Aliasghar Tabatabaei Mohammadi , Mahnaz Khanehfarda , Danial Amiri Manjili , Michael Aghcheli , Nadia Ghasemi Darestani , Farnoush Falahi robattorki , et al . .
  19. In vitro delivery of metformin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles for delayed senescence and stemness preservation of adipose-derived stem cells.Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology .Volume 87, September 2023, 104769 Hamed Mahmoudi , Zahra Rahimi , Raheleh Janghorbanian Poodeh , Hanieh Mousazadeh , Akram Firouzi-Amandi , Yalda Yazdani , Amir Nezami Asl , et al . .
  20. Dietary pro-oxidant score (POS) and cardio-metabolic panel among obese individuals: a cross-sectional study Nikrad Negin, Shakarami Amir, Rahimi Zahra, Janghorbanian-Poodeh Raheleh, Farhangi Mahdieh Abbasalizad, Hosseini Babak, Jafarzadeh Faria. BMC endocrine disorders.2023;23(1). CrossRef
  21. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy and exosomes in COVID-19: current trends and prospects Abdelgawad M M, Bakry NS , Farghali AA , Abdel-Latif A, Lotfy A. Stem Cell Research & Therapy.2021;12(1):469. CrossRef
  22. Mesenchymal stromal cells reprogram monocytes and macrophages with processing bodies Min Hyunjung, Xu Li, Parrott Roberta, Overall Christopher C., Lillich Melina, Rabjohns Emily M., Rampersad Rishi R., et al . Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio).2021;39(1). CrossRef
  23. Mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of potential therapeutic benefit in ARDS and sepsis Walter James, Ware Lorraine B., Matthay Michael A.. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine.2014;2(12). CrossRef
  24. Updates on clinical trials evaluating the regenerative potential of allogenic mesenchymal stem cells in COVID-19 Sharma Dhavan, Zhao Feng. NPJ Regenerative medicine.2021;6(1). CrossRef
  25. Stem cell-based therapy for COVID-19 and ARDS: a systematic review Zanirati Gabriele, Provenzi Laura, Libermann Lucas Lobraico, Bizotto Sabrina Comin, Ghilardi Isadora Machado, Marinowic Daniel Rodrigo, Shetty Ashok K., Da Costa Jaderson Costa. NPJ Regenerative medicine.2021;6(1). CrossRef
  26. SARS-CoV-2 research using human pluripotent stem cells and organoids Deguchi Sayaka, Serrano-Aroca Ángel, Tambuwala Murtaza M., Uhal Bruce D., Brufsky Adam M., Takayama Kazuo. Stem Cells Translational Medicine.2021;10(11). CrossRef
  27. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells as critical COVID-19 adjuvant therapy: A randomized controlled trial Dilogo Ismail Hadisoebroto, Aditianingsih Dita, Sugiarto Adhrie, Burhan Erlina, Damayanti Triya, Sitompul Pompini Agustina, Mariana Nina, et al . Stem Cells Translational Medicine.2021;10(9). CrossRef
  28. Mesenchymal stem cell immunomodulation: In pursuit of controlling COVID-19 related cytokine storm Song Na, Wakimoto Hiroaki, Rossignoli Filippo, Bhere Deepak, Ciccocioppo Rachele, Chen Kok-Siong, Khalsa Jasneet Kaur, et al . STEM CELLS.2021;39(6). CrossRef
  29. Molecular investigation of adequate sources of mesenchymal stem cells for cell therapy of COVID-19-associated organ failure Desterke Christophe, Griscelli Frank, Imeri Jusuf, Marcoux Paul, Lemonnier Thomas, Latsis Theodoros, Turhan Ali G., Bennaceur-Griscelli Annelise. Stem Cells Translational Medicine.2021;10(4). CrossRef
  30. Maria A. Avanzini, Manuela Mura, Elena Percivalle, Francesca Bastaroli, Stefania Croce, Chiara Valsecchi, Elisa Lenta, et al. Human mesenchymal stromal cells do not express ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and are not permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection ,STEM CELLS Translational Medicine First Published:14 November 2020 .
  31. Coronavirus disease 2019: A tissue engineering and regenerative medicine perspective Shafiee Abbas, Moradi Lida, Lim Mayasari, Brown Jason. Stem Cells Translational Medicine.2021;10(1). CrossRef
  32. The rationale of using mesenchymal stem cells in patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: What to expect Can Alp, Coskun Hakan. Stem Cells Translational Medicine.2020;9(11). CrossRef
  33. Cell-based therapy to reduce mortality from COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies on acute respiratory distress syndrome Qu Wenchun, Wang Zhen, Hare Joshua M., Bu Guojun, Mallea Jorge M., Pascual Jorge M., Caplan Arnold I., et al . Stem Cells Translational Medicine.2020;9(9). CrossRef
  34. Mesenchymal stem cells as a potential treatment for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 Fanpu JI , Liya LI , Zongfang LI , Yan J, Wenjia L. Stem Cells Translational Medicine.2020;9(7). CrossRef
  35. Role of ACE2 receptor and the landscape of treatment options from convalescent plasma therapy to the drug repurposing in COVID-19 Kumar Pravindra, Sah Ashok Kumar, Tripathi Greesham, Kashyap Anjali, Tripathi Avantika, Rao Rashmi, Mishra Prabhu C., Mallick Koustav, Husain Amjad, Kashyap Manoj Kumar. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.2021;476(2). CrossRef

Copyright

© Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology , 2024

Author Details

Nadia Ghasemi Darestani
MD, Immunology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
nadiaghasemi99@yahoo.com

Soheyla Hashemi
Fellowship of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, OB/GYN Specialist, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

Zahra Rahimi
Professor of Experimental Sciences of Farhangian Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran.

Raheleh Janghorbanian Poodeh
Chamran Subspecialty Hospital and Research Center of Heart, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

How to Cite

1.
Ghasemi Darestani N, Hashemi S, Rahimi Z, Janghorbanian Poodeh R. New Treatments (MSC) in Immune Disorders Like Cancers and Covid Infection: Cancer and Virus New Treatment (MSC ). apjcb [Internet]. 15Apr.2024 [cited 12Oct.2024];9(2):257-61. Available from: http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1377
  • Abstract viewed - 776 times
  • PDF (FULL TEXT) downloaded - 326 times
  • XML downloaded - 18 times