Liver Resection in a Tertiary University Hospital in Damascus- trends Related to the Political Strife and Social Crisis

Abstract

Background: Liver resection is a major operation requires technical training and experience and is expensive for the health care system. Aim: Our aim was to review trends in liver resection in Syria to help our country and others like Syria to understand the hardships for the country’s health care policy.
Methods: We analyzed retrospectively the results of 95 patients who underwent a liver resection from January 2009 through December 2015 at our tertiary university hospital in Damascus.
Results: The number of annual liver resections increased over this 6 year period, but there were several years during which the numbers were dramatically less, related to the social crisis. Of them, 63 underwent resection for malignant neoplasms (66%) and 30 for non-malignant disorders (32%).
Conclusion: Dedication of our surgeons to hepatic surgery is increasing in Syria with mortality rates close to international standards despite the ongoing social unrest and political strife.

Introduction

Liver resection is the most efficacious treatment for patients with hepatic malignancies and selected benign diseases [1][2][3]. Improvements in various aspects of hepatic resections have led to better outcomes in recent decades. Our better comprehension of liver segmental anatomy improved assessment of appropriate candidates for such a major operation, and, immense progress in techniques of resection are important factors that have made liver resection a more common and safer operation [4]. The improved selection of patients and advances in perioperative management have decreased markedly the early postoperative mortality from 13% for all resections and > 20% for major resections to less than 8% [5].

Over the recent several decades, evidence has shown that operative resection of hepatic metastases can be undertaken safely in the majority of patients with resectable disease. This is especially true for patients suffering from colorectal liver metastases [6,7-8-9] patients with other neoplasms metastatic to the liver are potential candidates, but the outcomes are not as well documented.

Most prior studies of the results and frequency of liver resections have come mainly from European countries and East Asia with few studies from Middle-East countries.

The aim of our study was to evaluate our 7-year experience in a major tertiary referral hospital in Syria with liver resections, mainly the indications, perioperative features, and pathologic findings in order to detail risk factors and mortality of hepatectomy in the setting of political unrest and social crisis.

Materials and Methods

All patients who underwent liver resection At Al Assad University Hospital in Damascus, Syria between 1/1/2009 and 31/12/2015 were evaluated for inclusion in this study. Patients who had not resectable disease or had undergone radiofrequency ablation were excluded.

Standard demographic and clinic data were obtained, including age, sex, place of residency, blood group, pathology, history of smoking or alcohol use, history of diabetes or hypertension, days in Intensive Care Unit and postoperative hospitalization.

On presentation, all patients underwent a full history and physical examination, ultrasonography, and a multi-slice computed tomography; Magnetic resonance imaging was not available all the time. The decision to give neoadjuvant chemotherapy was made on a case by case basis according to the expected beneficial results. Resections were undertaken by the same operative technique and performed under maintenance of a low central venous pressure. Our operative team performed only open resections with the use of a Pringle maneuver and intraoperative ultrasonography used at the discretion of the surgeon. The hepatic parenchyma was divided by the clamp-crush technique or with the use of an energy-assisted device. The condition of the patient postoperatively was used to determine whether the patient needed ICU care or could be managed on the surgical floor. Descriptive analyses were performed using IBM SPSS statistic version 23, and the missing data were excluded from analysis. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University (decision number 16-02-07).

Results

Between January 2009 and December 2015, 95 patients underwent a hepatic resection, including 43 male (45%) and 52 females (55%). The median age was 50 (range, 9–74) years; there were 4 patients less than 20 years old and one child less than 10 years old (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Age Distribution of the Patients Undergoing Hepatic Resection.

Smoking habits were present in 22 patients (23%). 4 smokers (18%) had malignant neoplasms. Alcohol consumption was present in 6 patients (6%), 2 of whom had malignant neoplasms. Other co-morbidities included diabetes mellitus in 14 patients and hypertension was in 18.

In 2009, we performed only 10 hepatic resections. But in the years to follow, 2010 through 2015, we performed annually 17,6,12,16,13, and most recently in 2016, 21 hepatic resections, respectively. The median duration of stay in the hospital was 11 days, while the median duration of stay in the ICU for the 76 patients who required ICU care was 3 days.

Of 95 patients, 61 had anatomic resection (64%) and 34 had non-anatomic resection (36%). Table 1 shows the types of resection. There were 63 patients who underwent hepatic resection for malignant neoplasms (66%) and 30 for non-malignant tumors (32%). Seven patients died during operation or within days of hospitalization. The mean number of units of blood, plasma, and platelets used during the operation and hospitalization was 3.3, 3.2, 0.6 units, respectively; 13 patients never requited any blood products.

Discussion

Hepatic resection is now firmly established as the most effective treatment for patients with primary hepatobiliary malignancies, selected patients with certain extrahepatic malignant neoplasms metastatic to the liver, and some benign disorders involving the liver [10-11].

Smoking is considered one of the most important risk factors for the development of early complications after partial hepatectomy. We have closely smokers’ ratio to others studies. Alcohol is one of the Common causes of existing liver disease but we have low value compared to other studies, this could be due to our traditions [12-13]. The annual number of formal liver resections has increased since 2009. But as seen, this increase was disrupted from 2011 through 2014 during the especially difficult times for our country. Our ongoing civil war has disrupted the ready ability to refer patients to our university hospital. Despite these hardships, we have worked hard to provide the services needed to those who could find the way to present at our university hospital. Much of what we have been able to accomplish is related to the unwavering dedication of our medical personnel whose goal is to provide the best care possible to our citizens.

Patients with greater levels of postoperative pain tend to have more complications after surgery, longer hospitalization leading to higher medical costs, and lower levels of patient satisfaction [14]. The duration of hospitalization may not reflect surgeon/institution performance, because in these times of strife, the appropriate time for discharge is multifactorial and likely related to the population, patient selection, and increased high-risk cases with a surgeon’s experience [15]. In this study, we achieved close and reasonable ratio to the rest of the studies [16,17-18].

In our study, we also have identified the geographic distribution of residential areas subject to the liver and found that Damascus and its countryside is the most frequent place of residency of patients, not to forget that the main liver surgery center in Syria is in the hospital of our study in Damascus.

Consumption of banked blood may reflect the degree of blood loss [19-20]. However, the mainstay to prevent bleeding is crucial during hepatectomy [21-20]. Our mean blood unit and plasma unit is less than some other studies [22].

The functional residual hepatic reserve must be considered for any liver resection [23]. This has been of course one of our considerations in doing any formal hepatic resections and post-surgery hepatic failure and deterioration in liver function were studied in our previous paper [3]. In addition, surgical stress can be decreased by non-anatomic resections when appropriate, which may affect perioperative morbidity and mortality [24-25]. Several studies reported shorter operating times and significantly less blood loss after non anatomic resections [26-27]. Thus we have tried to use these non-anatomic resections when appropriate, especially for metastatic lesions and for non-malignant conditions.

Laparoscopic resection is now carried on some countries showing similar results to open technique but unfortunately it is still not carried on in Syria due to lack of appropriate laparoscopic equipment and experience. However, Dedication of our surgeons to hepatic surgery may lead to perform this in the near future just like (the liver transplantation team in AlAssad university hospital in Damascus) performed the first liver transplantation in Syria in the beginning of 2016.

In our series, there were seven deaths during operation or hospitalization: four in the Anatomic resection group, and three in the non-anatomic resection group, which was not significantly different. There are studies suggesting more postoperative deaths After an anatomic resection [27-28].

In conclusion, liver resection surgery is still being performd and appears to be increasing in Syria despite the political and social unrest in our country. With the dedication and hard work of our health care providers, we have been able to provide the expertise needed to accomplish relativelysafe and successful liver resections with morbiditiy and mortality rates close to the rates described elsewhere in the world.

Acknowledgements

Conflict of interest

There is nothing to disclose.

References

References

1. Imamura Hiroshi. One Thousand Fifty-Six Hepatectomies Without Mortality in 8 Years. Archives of Surgery. 2003; 138(11)DOI
2. Charny C. K., Jarnagin W. R., Schwartz L. H., Frommeyer H. S., DeMatteo R. P., Fong Y., Blumgart L. H.. Management of 155 patients with benign liver tumours. British Journal of Surgery. 2001; 88(6)DOI
3. Ahmad Basel, Turkmani Khaled, Marwa Mohamad Essam, Ahmad Tareq, Baghdadi Ramez, Aboudamaah Shaimaa, Alkhatib Khetam, Ahmad Mohamad. Perioperative Liver Function after Hepatectomy in a Tertiary University Hospital in Damascus. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2017; 18(8)DOI
4. Sugarbaker P H. Surgical decision making for large bowel cancer metastatic to the liver.. Radiology. 1990; 174(3)DOI
5. Belghiti J, Regimbeau JM, Durand F, Kianmanesh AR, Dondero F, Terris B, et al. Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a European experience on 328 cases. Hepatogastroenterology. 49(43):41-46.
6. Simmonds P C, Primrose J N, Colquitt J L, Garden O J, Poston G J, Rees M. Surgical resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: A systematic review of published studies. British Journal of Cancer. 2006; 94(7)DOI
7. Wei Alice C., Greig Paul D., Grant David, Taylor Bryce, Langer Bernard, Gallinger Steven. Survival After Hepatic Resection for Colorectal Metastases: A 10-Year Experience. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2006; 13(5)DOI
8. Leporrier J., Maurel J., Chiche L., Bara S., Segol P., Launoy G.. A population-based study of the incidence, management and prognosis of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. British Journal of Surgery. 2006; 93(4)DOI
9. Sjövall A., Järv V., Blomqvist L., Singnomklao T., Cedermark B., Glimelius B., Holm T.. The potential for improved outcome in patients with hepatic metastases from colon cancer: a population-based study. European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO). 2004; 30(8)DOI
10. Agrawal Shefali, Belghiti Jacques. Oncologic Resection for Malignant Tumors of the Liver. Annals of Surgery. 2011; 253(4)DOI
11. Bruix Jordi, Sherman Morris. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: An update. Hepatology. 2011; 53(3)DOI
12. Lv Y., Liu C., Wei T., Zhang J.-F., Liu X.-M., Zhang X.-F.. Cigarette smoking increases risk of early morbidity after hepatic resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO). 2015; 41(4)DOI
13. Park Sung Keun, Jung Young Kul, Chung Dong Hae, Kim Keon Kuk, Park Yeon Ho, Lee Jung Nam, Kwon Oh Sang, Kim Yun Soo, Choi Duck Joo, Kim Ju Hyun. Factors influencing hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis after hepatectomy: a single-center experience. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine. 2013; 28(4)DOI
14. Joshi Girish P., Ogunnaike Babatunde O.. Consequences of Inadequate Postoperative Pain Relief and Chronic Persistent Postoperative Pain. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America. 2005; 23(1)DOI
15. Lorenzo CSF, LIMM WML, Lurie F, Wong LL. Factors affecting outcome in liver resection. HPB. 2005; 7(3):226-230.
16. Wang Hai-Qing. Liver resection in hepatitis B related-hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical outcomes and safety in elderly patients. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014; 20(21)DOI
17. Jarnagin WR, Gonen M, Fong Y, DeMatteo RP, Ben-Porat L, Little S, et al. Improvement in perioperative outcome after hepatic resection: analysis of 1,803 consecutive cases over the past decade. Ann Surg. 2002; 236(4):397-406; discussion 406–7.
18. Bezinover Dmitri, Moss CaitlynRose, Caldwell JuliaChristine, Afilaka Babatunde, Iskandarani Khaled, Chinchilli VernonMichael, McQuillan Patrick, Cooper AmandaBeth, Gusani Niraj. Hepatic resection is associated with reduced postoperative opioid requirement. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology. 2016; 32(3)DOI
19. Yuasa Takeshi, Niwa Norimi, Kimura Shinya, Tsuji Hiroaki, Yurugi Kimiko, Egawa Hiroto, Tanaka Koichi, Asano Hiroaki, Maekawa Taira. Intraoperative blood loss during living donor liver transplantation: an analysis of 635 recipients at a single center. Transfusion. 2005; 45(6)DOI
20. Devi Allanki Surekha. Transfusion practice in orthotopic liver transplantation. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 2009; 13(3)DOI
21. Mor E, Jenning L, Gonwa TA, Holman MJ, Gibbs J, Solomon H, et al. The impact of operative bleeding on outcome in transplantation of the liver. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993; 176(3):219-227.
22. Kaibori M, Saito T, Matsui K, Yamaoka M, Kamiyama Y. Impact of fresh frozen plasma on hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 28(3B):1749-1755.
23. Adam René, Wicherts Dennis A., de Haas Robbert J., Ciacio Oriana, Lévi Francis, Paule Bernard, Ducreux Michel, Azoulay Daniel, Bismuth Henri, Castaing Denis. Patients With Initially Unresectable Colorectal Liver Metastases: Is There a Possibility of Cure?. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2009; 27(11)DOI
24. Gold Jason S., Are Chandrakanth, Kornprat Peter, Jarnagin William R., Gönen Mithat, Fong Yuman, DeMatteo Ronald P., Blumgart Leslie H., DʼAngelica Michael. Increased Use of Parenchymal-Sparing Surgery for Bilateral Liver Metastases From Colorectal Cancer Is Associated With Improved Mortality Without Change in Oncologic Outcome. Annals of Surgery. 2008; 247(1)DOI
25. Kokudo Norihiro, Tada Keiichiro, Seki Makoto, Ohta Hirotoshi, Azekura Kaoru, Ueno Masashi, Matsubara Toshiki, Takahashi Takashi, Nakajima Toshifusa, Muto Tetsuichiro. Anatomical major resection versus nonanatomical limited resection for liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. The American Journal of Surgery. 2001; 181(2)DOI
26. Finch R. J. B., Malik H. Z., Hamady Z. Z. R., Al-Mukhtar A., Adair R., Prasad K. R., Lodge J. P. A., Toogood G. J.. Effect of type of resection on outcome of hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. British Journal of Surgery. 2007; 94(10)DOI
27. Stewart G.D., O'Súilleabháin C.B., Madhavan K.K., Wigmore S.J., Parks R.W., Garden O.J.. The extent of resection influences outcome following hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO). 2004; 30(4)DOI
28. ZORZI D, MULLEN J, ABDALLA E, PAWLIK T, ANDRES A, MURATORE A, CURLEY S, MENTHA G, CAPUSSOTTI L, VAUTHEY J. Comparison Between Hepatic Wedge Resection and Anatomic Resection for Colorectal Liver Metastases. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2006; 10(1)DOI