Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein: A Moonlighting Protein Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection or in Support of Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma?

  1. Rinki Minakshi

Vol 5 No S1 (2020): Oncology Practices amid COVID-19 Pandemic

DOI 10.31557/apjcc.2020.5.S1.241-242

Abstract

The interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs), widely acting against invading viruses are ubiquitously expressed on the cellular membranes, were previously known for their prominent role in tumorigenesis. Studies productively showed that the entry restriction on SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein agreeably involved the action of frontier IFITM1, 2 and 3. On the contrary, overexpression of IFITM3 has been reported in Invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC) tissue specimens where lentivirus-delivered shRNA resulted in targeted silencing of IFITM3 mRNA expression. Despite acting protective against virus infection, expression of IFITM favors cancer migration as seen in IDC. The existence of such a phenomenon wherein a choice is made by the selection pressure on IFITM allele frequency in human population between opposing roles of the protein, needs to be untangled.

Introduction

The innate immunity, being an autonomous cellular arsenal against invading viruses, has strategically evolved its surveillance power as well as effector functions. The potent immune mediator, interferon (IFN), is widely secreted against invading viruses. The whole plethora of genes evoked in response to the secreted IFNs comprises of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which function primarily by imposing modulation on multiple stages of viral replication event [1]. The interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs), labelled as a moonlighting protein, are one such ubiquitously expressed ISGs, on the cellular membranes, that were previously known for their prominent role in tumorigenesis. Widened functional studies have extended striking role of IFITMs, wherein IFITMs not only interrupt host-virus membrane fusion but also impede infectious virion production in cell culture [2]. Normally, cells show basal expression levels of IFITMs, which significantly see an upsurge in their levels during virus infection [3].

As witnessed in studies using siRNA, IFITM1, -2 and -3 have acted by inhibiting infection establishment in influenza A virus (IAV), West Nile virus, dengue virus ,Marburg virus, Ebola virus, HIV-1 and SARS-CoV [4]. The mechanistic details of this inhibition are still in its juvenile stage, but studies have emphasized that IFITM proteins inhibit enveloped viruses [5].

Studies productively showed that the entry restriction on SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein agreeably involved action of frontier IFITM1, 2 and 3 rather than concomitant ACE2 downregulation. The shRNA targeting of IFITM1 markedly enhanced SARS-CoV spike mediated entry without altering expression of ACE2. Moreover, the exploitation of other host factors apart from the primary receptor of the virus, cannot be overlooked in this mechanism [6]. Congruently, MERS-CoV entry has also been shown to be inhibited by IFITM proteins [5].

On the contrary, human coronavirus-OC43 (HCoV-OC43), the etiological agent of common cold, seizes IFITM proteins for their entry thereby proving the predictability of evasion tactics against IFITM restrictions by viruses [7].

Invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC), which accounts for approximately 80% of breast cancer cases, is initiated by a set of multifaceted pathogenesis mechanism and gene mutations. Overexpression of IFITM3 has been reported in IDC tissue specimens where lentivirus-delivered shRNA resulted in targeted silencing of IFITM3 mRNA expression. The study further proved that the knockdown of IFITM3 led to significant reduction in tumor viability [8]. There are several reports on the overexpression of IFITM3 in various tumors like human glioma, colon cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma [9]. Another study showed that IFITM3 ameliorated inflammation and colitis-associated tumorigenesis [9]. On the contrary, IFITM3 overexpression lead to loss of fetus development in mice, which has been correlated with a similar pathology during Zika virus infection [9].

All the aforementioned studies notify about a highly significant aspect of IFITM expression where balance between high and low IFITM levels is evident as frequency of circulating alleles (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP) in human population. The SNP rs12252T>C (minor IFITM3 allele) was significantly enriched in patients hospitalized during H1N1 pandemic (2009) [10]. Moreover, a meta-analysis revealed that IFITM3 rs12252 T>C polymorphism showed substantial association with the risk of developing severe influenza [11]. These SNPs resulted in diminished IFITM3 expression thereby suggesting that selection of fetus development might dominate endurance towards severe virus infection.

The current pandemic imposed by SARS-CoV-2 infection has been puzzling both scientific as well as medical fraternity. Deriving conclusive impetus from aforesaid studies, procuring experimental data on the potential role of IFITMs, might elucidate an aspect of host response during SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients. Despite acting protective against virus infection, expression of IFITM favors cancer migration as seen in IDC. This again points towards the existence of a choice made by the selection pressure on IFITM allele frequency in human population. We emphasize more in-depth study on IFITM SNP and its functional association with cancer as well as SARS-CoV-2 infection, where the mystery behind two opposing effects of IFITM expression in host can be deciphered.

References


  1. Interferon-inducible antiviral effectors Sadler Anthony J., Williams Bryan R. G.. Nature Reviews Immunology.2008;8(7). CrossRef
  2. More than meets the I: the diverse antiviral and cellular functions of interferon-induced transmembrane proteins Shi Guoli, Schwartz Olivier, Compton Alex A.. Retrovirology.2017;14(1). CrossRef
  3. The Small Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Genes and Proteins Siegrist Fredy, Ebeling Martin, Certa Ulrich. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research.2011;31(1). CrossRef
  4. Distinct Patterns of IFITM-Mediated Restriction of Filoviruses, SARS Coronavirus, and Influenza A Virus Huang I-Chueh, Bailey Charles C., Weyer Jessica L., Radoshitzky Sheli R., Becker Michelle M., Chiang Jessica J., Brass Abraham L., Ahmed Asim A., Chi Xiaoli, Dong Lian, Longobardi Lindsay E., Boltz Dutch, Kuhn Jens H., Elledge Stephen J., Bavari Sina, Denison Mark R., Choe Hyeryun, Farzan Michael. PLoS Pathogens.2011;7(1). CrossRef
  5. IFITM Proteins Inhibit Entry Driven by the MERS-Coronavirus Spike Protein: Evidence for Cholesterol-Independent Mechanisms Wrensch Florian, Winkler Michael, Pöhlmann Stefan. Viruses.2014;6(9). CrossRef
  6. Identification of Residues Controlling Restriction versus Enhancing Activities of IFITM Proteins on Entry of Human Coronaviruses Zhao Xuesen, Sehgal Mohit, Hou Zhifei, Cheng Junjun, Shu Sainan, Wu Shuo, Guo Fang, Le Marchand Sylvain J., Lin Hanxin, Chang Jinhong, Guo Ju-Tao. Journal of Virology.2017;92(6). CrossRef
  7. Interferon induction of IFITM proteins promotes infection by human coronavirus OC43 Zhao X., Guo F., Liu F., Cuconati A., Chang J., Block T. M., Guo J.-T.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2014;111(18). CrossRef
  8. Knockdown of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 expression suppresses breast cancer cell growth and colony formation and affects the cell cycle YANG MEI, GAO HONGWEN, CHEN PENG, JIA JIAOYUAN, WU SHAN. Oncology Reports.2013;30(1). CrossRef
  9. Protecting fetal development. Paul Kellam, Robin A. Weiss Science 2019.;365(6449):118-119. CrossRef
  10. IFITM-Family Proteins: The Cell's First Line of Antiviral Defense Bailey Charles C., Zhong Guocai, Huang I-Chueh, Farzan Michael. Annual Review of Virology.2014;1(1). CrossRef
  11. IFITM3 rs12252 T>C polymorphism is associated with the risk of severe influenza: a meta-analysis XUAN Y., WANG L. N., LI W., ZI H. R., GUO Y., YAN W. J., CHEN X. B., WEI P. M.. Epidemiology and Infection.2015;143(14). CrossRef

Author Details

Rinki Minakshi
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, SWAMI SHRADDHANAND COLLEGE, DELHI UNIVERSITY
minakshi4050@gmail.com

How to Cite

Minakshi, R. (2020). Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein: A Moonlighting Protein Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection or in Support of Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma?. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care, 5(S1), 241-242. https://doi.org/10.31557/apjcc.2020.5.S1.241-242
  • Abstract viewed - 2999 times
  • PDF (FULL TEXT) downloaded - 1659 times
  • XML downloaded - 8 times