Abstract
Background: Cancer care has suffered during the covid-19 pandemic due to diversion of manpower to treat covid patients and introduction of lockdown measures. Delay in treatment is detrimental to cancer patients. During the national lockdown, many patients were not able to visit our treatment facility. We conducted this study to evaluate the detriment caused by the pandemic on cancer care in terms of disease progression and the socio economic factors associated with delay in presentation.
Materials and Methods: Patients visiting our OPD who were being treated at our department and could not visit the facility during the lockdown were selected. Present status of the disease was assessed using clinical examination and radiological tests. Psycho social distress was assessed using PO BADO SF questionnaire. Disease progression, cause of delay was assessed against various factors like per capita family income, cost of transportation etc. Appropriate statistics was used to analyse and represent the data.
Results: 50% patients had disease progression. “High cost of transportation” was the most common response given by patients for not visiting the treatment facility during the lockdown. Most patients being treated with radiotherapy (69%) had responded either “high cost of transportation” or “lack of proper accommodation” as cause of delay (p 0.065). Patients with treatment gap of 80 days or more had higher per capita family income, higher cost of transportation during the lockdown and larger distance between residence and treatment facility. 77.5% patients had psycho social distress according to assessment by PO BADO SF questionnaire.
Conclusion: COVID 19 pandemic control measures have impacted cancer care in resulting in disease progression, treatment delays and psycho-social distress. A number of factors may have contributed to the treatment delays like high cost of transportation during the lockdown, longer distance between residence and hospital.
Introduction
COVID 19 disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 ( SARS-COV 2) has been declared as a global pandemic by WHO on 11th March 2020 [1]. Emerging from China, the virus has infected millions of patients, taking a toll on global economy and healthcare [2-4]. India saw its first corona virus case on 30th January 2020 in Kerala (WHO India Situation Update Report 1), however as of 12th July 2020, India has seen 849553 confirmed cases which is the highest in Asia (WHO India Situation Update Report 24) [5] .
India has a high incidence of cancer patients with reported incidence of 1,157,294 new cases according to GLOBOCAN 2018 data and a large portion of patients rely on government run hospitals for their treatment [6-7]. With the rise in cases, large number of government institutions are converted into covid treatment units with diversion of manpower into handling the national health emergency. This along with the implementation of national lockdown policy has restricted the treatment of cancer patients in cancer care centres as many patients were unable to visit the treatment facility [8-9]. Delay in diagnosis, starting treatment and risk of infection with SARS-COV 2 on visiting the treatment facility are major concerns of cancer treatment in the pandemic situation. However, the patients who are already being treated with chemotherapy/radiotherapy are at major risk of disease progression and treatment failure due to accelerated repopulation of cancer cells on abrupt discontinuation of treatment [10].
Our institute provides a comprehensive cancer care involving the department of radiation oncology, medical oncology, surgical oncology and onco-pathology. Major decisions are taken by the multimodality tumour board involving all major departments in the decision making. The centre caters to the treatment needs of multiple districts in the state. During the national lockdown, the radiation oncology department had a major decrease in number of new registrations and patients under treatment. In the month of June with ease of lockdown measures and gradual increase in OPD attendance, a number of patients had presented with symptoms and signs of progressive disease. So we conducted this study to evaluate the detriment caused by the pandemic on cancer care in terms of disease progression and the socio economic factors associated with delay in presentation. As a secondary objective, we wanted to assess the distress in cancer patients on getting treated at our centre which is dedicated to treating patients with SARS-COV 2 infection.
Materials and Methods
Patient Selection
Patients visiting the out-patient department (OPD) of the department of Radiation Oncology in June 2020 were taken for the study. Patients who were previously registered and were being treated with a curative or palliative intent with radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other modality, did not visit the treatment facility during national lockdown for at least 30 days were taken for the study. Patients visiting the OPD for first time, patients previously registered but did not start treatment, patients visiting for routine follow up, where adequate investigation was not feasible/available to classify present disease status, patients who had resumed their treatment at other treatment facility, patients who were lost to follow up before the pandemic situation and visited the facility during the pandemic and patients who did not provide informed consent were excluded from the study. 40 patients were selected for the study.
Study Technique and Data Collection
a. The primary characteristics of the patient and the primary disease, the treatment being delivered was recorded from the prospectively maintained patient database. Data on per capita family income and transportation cost was recorded by interviewing the patient. Distance between the treatment facility and patient’s residence was calculated by noting the distance between the treatment facility and the reporting police station of the patients’ residence from an online map.
b. PO BADO SF (The Basic Documentation for Psycho-Oncology Short Form)- This is a validated 6 item interview based expert rating scale for distress screening in cancer patients with a sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 82% respectively [11]. Patients were considered to be suffering from psycho social distress if they get a score of >9. All patients were screened using this scale during primary data collection.
a. Assessment of disease status- All patients underwent extensive physical examination to look for signs of disease progression and distant metastasis. All patient underwent either CECT (contrast enhanced computed tomography) scan, MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) or PET CT (positron emission tomography computed tomography) whichever was applicable or available to evaluate the loco-regional disease and metastasis status. Radiological disease status was assessed according to RECIST (Response evaluation criteria in solid tumours) 1.1 criteria [12] and/or PET CT uptake, whichever was applicable.
Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics was used to evaluate the primary categorical variables. The continuous variables were evaluated by mean, standard deviation or median whichever was applicable. Associations of various categorical variables like delay response, treatment gap was evaluated by comparing various continuous data using specific non parametric tests. Association of disease progression with other categorical variables like primary site, stage, treatment gap and treatment modality was assessed using chi squared test. All data analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical package for the Social Sciences) version 23 software.
Results
The basic characteristics of the sample is described in Table 1.
| Characteristics | Patients (%) | |
| Median age | 50.5 years (25-75 years) | |
| Sex | Male | 21 (52.5) |
| Female | 19 (47.5) | |
| Co- morbidity | Hypertension/T2DM/both | 15 (37.5) |
| Others | 9 (22.5) | |
| No comorbidity | 16 (40) | |
| ECOG Performance Status at presentation | 0 | 1 (2.5) |
| 1 | 33 (82.5) | |
| 2 | 5 (12.5) | |
| 3 | 1 (2.5) | |
| Primary site | Breast | 8 (20) |
| Cervix | 6 (15) | |
| Head & neck | 12 (30) | |
| Prostate | 2 (5) | |
| Lung | 11 (27.5) | |
| Others | 1 (2.5) | |
| Stage | I | 2 (5) |
| II | 10 (25) | |
| III | 17 (42.5) | |
| IV | 11 (27.5) | |
| Metastatic/non metastatic | Metastatic | 5 (12.5) |
| Non metastatic | 35 (87.5) | |
| Treatment being received | Chemotherapy | 9 (22.5) |
| Radiotherapy | 10 (25) | |
| Chemo-radiotherapy | 18 (45) | |
| Others | 3 (7.5) | |
| Per capita family income | <=40000 | 11 (27.5) |
| >40000 and <=80000 | 26 (65) | |
| >80000 | 3 (7.5) | |
| Distance between home and hospital (mean 99.45 ± 94.77 km) | <=50 km | 16 (40) |
| >50 and <=100 km | 13 (32.5) | |
| >100 and<=200 km | 6 (15) | |
| >200 km | 5 (12.5) | |
| Cost of transportation before pandemic | INR 366.5 ± 580.40 (mean ± SD) | |
| Cost of transportation during pandemic | INR 2735 ± 2136.20 (mean ± SD) |
The median age was 50.5 years. 52.5% patients were male. Most patients were ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) performance status 1(82.5%). Head and neck was the most common primary site with most patient having a primary Stage III disease (42.5%). Only 12.5% were non metastatic at presentation. Chemo radiotherapy was the most common treatment being received by the patients (45%), followed by radiotherapy (25%) and chemotherapy (22.5%). 65% patients had per capita income between INR 40000 and 80000. The mean distance between residence and hospital was 99.45 ± 94.77km, with most patients (40%) staying within 50 km radius, followed by 32.5% staying between 50 and 100 km radius. The mean cost of transportation before the pandemic was INR 366.5 ± 580.40, however the transportation cost increased to INR 2735 ± 2136. There was significant increase in cost of transportation during the pandemic (mean increase of 2368.5 ± 1977.7, p <0.001, paired samples t test).
The median delay in visiting the treatment facility was 76.5 days, with most patient visiting after a delay of 2months or more (95%). Among the response given by patient and accompaints for not visiting the treatment facility, the most common was “high cost of transportation” (45%) followed by “Fear of infection with Covid 19 in hospital” (40%). On reassessment after the delay, 50% patients had progressive disease with 6 new metastatic cases (Table 2).
| Patients (%) | ||
| Treatment gap in days | Less than 60 days | 2 (5) |
| More than equal to 60 days | 38 (95) | |
| Cause of delay | High cost of transportation | 18 (45) |
| Fear of infection with COVID 19 in hospital | 16 (40) | |
| Lack of proper accommodation facility | 6 (15) | |
| Present status of disease | Partial response(PR) | 3 (7.5) |
| Stable disease(SD) | 17 (42.5) | |
| Progressive disease(PD) | 20 (50) | |
| Metastatic status after treatment delay | Metastatic disease | 11 (27.5) |
| Non metastatic disease | 29 (72.5) |
Per capita family income and cost of transportation to hospital did not influence the response for delay (Table 3).
| High cost of transportation | Fear of infection with COVID 19 | Lack of proper accommodation | P value | |
| Per capita income | INR 54000 ± 21359.66 | INR 68625 ± 64637 | INR 45333 ± 11430 | 0.56 |
| Cost of transportation during the pandemic | INR 2927 ± 2892 | INR 2406 ± 1175 | INR 3033 ± 1555 | 0.718 |
| Distance from treatment centre | 95.05 ± 98.06 km | 83.5 ± 78 km | 155.16 ± 120.43 km | 0.564 |
| Treatment with radiotherapy | 15 (83.3%) | 9 (56.3%) | 5 (83.3%) | 0.117 |
The mean distance between home and treatment facility was highest in patients who responded “lack of proper accommodation” as cause of delay (p 0.564, not significant). Among the 18 patients who responded “High cost of transportation” as prime cause of delay, 85% were being treated with radiotherapy (p 0.117, chi squared test). 69% patients being treated with radiotherapy had responded either “lack of proper accommodation” or “high cost of transportation” as cause for delay in visiting treatment facility (p 0.065, fisher’s exact test).
The factors influencing treatment gap is described in Table 4.
| Treatment gap less than 80 days | Treatment gap of 80 days or more | ||
| Per capita income | INR 55680 ± 52062.24 | INR 63333.33 ± 24674.06 | 0.024 |
| Cost of transportation during the pandemic | INR 2020 ± 1187.08 | INR 3760 ± 2914 | 0.05 |
| Distance from treatment centre | 83.44 ± 73.70 km | 126.13 ± 120.36 km | 0.201 |
Patients with treatment gap of 80 days or more had a significantly higher mean per capita family income and transportation cost during epidemic (p 0.024 and 0.05 respectively, Mann Whitney U test). Mean distance between home and treatment facility was higher in patients with a treatment gap of 80 days or more (not significant). A significant association was not found between disease progression and factors like primary site and stage, treatment gap and treatment modality (Table 5).
| Progressive disease [20] | Stable disease /Partial response [20] | P value | ||
| Treatment gap | Less than 80 days | 11 (55%) | 14 (70%) | 0.327 |
| More than equal to 80 days | 9 (45%) | 6 (30%) | ||
| Stage at diagnosis | Stage I | 2 (10%) | 0 | 0.214 |
| Stage II | 3 (15%) | 7 (35%) | ||
| Stage III | 8 (40%) | 9 (45%) | ||
| Stage IV | 7 (35%) | 4 (20%) | ||
| Treatment modality used | Treatment with RT | 15 (75%) | 14 (70%) | 0.72 |
| Treatment with other modality | 5 (25%) | 6 (30%) | ||
| Primary site | Head neck/ Lung primary | 13 (65%) | 10 (50%) | 0.337 |
| Other primary | 7 (35%) | 10 (50%) |
Anxiety complained by patients for visiting a hospital treating patients infected with covid 19 was assessed as a part of PO BADO SF questionnaire. 31 (77.5%) patients had a score of >9 reflecting psychosocial distress in majority of the study sample.
Discussion
The COVID 19 pandemic has seriously disrupted the cancer care in the country. On one hand, the past national lockdown measure has impacted movement of patients to and from the treatment centre. An article published at Lancet oncology briefly describes the situation of cancer care due to halt in transportation facilities [8]. Various predictions said that the stagnation of patients inflow and treatment would finally lead to increased cancer burden due to patients presenting later at advanced stages of cancer [8]. A predictive modelling study predicted that 59.7% cancer surgeries were postponed during the peak 12 weeks of lockdown which would result in adding to the cancer burden at a later stage [13]. In our study, we used disease progression due to gap in treatment according to RECIST criteria [12] as an indirect evidence towards increased cancer burden. Disease progression may lead to hampering of curative intent treatment, require more aggressive therapy which would indirectly contribute to increased cancer burden. In our study 50 % of the patients had disease progression during study evaluation with 15% (6 patients) progression to distant metastasis (Table 2).
Patients with head neck/lung primary had progression in 56.5% (13/23) whereas patients with other primary site had progression in 41.18% (7/17) patients, however the association was not significant. More progression in head neck or lung primary may be due to high tumour doubling time in these sites. A study by Bhattacharjee et al has given an analytical strategy of disease progression based on time dependent modelling during the covid pandemic [14]. However, actual clinical data is limited in the present literature. Among the response to cause of delay in visiting treatment facility, most patients had responded “high cost of transportation” (45%). This is on a par with significantly increased overall cost of transportation during the pandemic (Table 1, p<0.001). However, the increased cost of transportation was non-significant across all treatment groups (Table 3). 69% patients being treated with radiotherapy had responded either “high cost of transportation” or “lack of proper accommodation facility” which was close to significant (Fisher’s exact test, p<0.065). A reason for this response maybe due to almost regular visits in the department for treatment with radiotherapy compared to other modalities ultimately adding to the treatment cost. Patients with larger treatment gap had significantly high cost of transportation during the national lockdown (Table 4). Patients with larger treatment gap also had larger distance between home and treatment facility (not significant). However, patients with larger treatment gap also had significantly higher per capita family income, which cannot be explained with the available data. Probably other socio economic factors like education, geographical location etc. has played part in decision making which was not part of the study protocol.
77.5% of the study sample had reported psycho social distress for visiting the hospital treating patients infected with SARS-COV 2. In a study published by G Chen et al on psychological stress in cancer patients during the pandemic, 67.5% patients had anxiety 74.5% patients had depression [15].
Finally, various measures were taken by institutes treating cancer patients to optimize treatment in the pandemic situation. Among them, some were tele-consultation, using short course radiotherapy to decrease hospital visits, delay treatment if possible, conducting distance screening camps outside hospital etc [9-16]. Such measures could not be implemented in our institute due to a number of hassles. Our institute is dedicated to the treatment of covid 19 patients, thus a major manpower is diverted to the cause leading to shortage of manpower in the department. The measures that were taken were primary screening of patients for covid 19 infection to reduce infection spread among patients and health care providers, shorter course of radiotherapy if feasible and early referrals for chemotherapies at local government health centres. With the ease of lockdown measures, the influx of patients have increased considerably at the present date, although the numbers are far less than before the pandemic.
In conclusion, COVID 19 pandemic control measures have impacted cancer care in resulting in disease progression, treatment delays and psycho-social distress. A number of factors may have contributed to the treatment delays like high cost of transportation during the lockdown, longer distance between residence and hospital. Psychosocial distress may be a result of anxiety of visiting the treatment facility caring for covid patients. Some measures have been taken to mitigate the issues like early referrals and using of shorter courses of radiotherapy wherever applicable. With normalization of hospital attendance in the present days, a comprehensive protocol is required to provide adequate care and simultaneously reduce risk of transmission of infection.
References
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